گرامر درس هفت پیش

کلمات ربطی نشان دهنده ی تضاد و تقابل

از کلمات ربطی although
، though (بیشتر در محاوره)، و even though برای نشان دادن تضاد و تقابل مستقیم بین دو
جمله استفاده می شوند به صورتی که جمله ی پایه (Main Clause) به نظر غیر منتظره و تعجب آور می رسد.

Although/ though/ even though جمله پیرو , جمله پایه

or

جمله پایه, although/
though/ even thoughجمله پیرو

1. Even thoughhe was a computer
engineer, he didn’t know how to fix the computer.

2. Althoughshe was unemployed for a long
time, she didn’t accept the job offer.

3. He showed no signs of sadness, though
he didn’t succeed in his final exams.

4. He runs long distances, even thoughhe
over sixty.

5. The team lost, althoughthey played
quite well.

نکته 1: بر خلاف while و whereas که می توانستیم آنها را با هر دو جمله بکار
ببریم، although
، even though ، و though فقط با جمله ی پیرو (Subordinate Clause) استفاده می
شوند.

· Whilehe likes coffee, I prefer tea.

· He likes
coffee, whileI prefer tea.

· Althoughit was much too cold, she went
out without a coat.

It was much too cold, although she went out without a
coat.* جمله ی غلط

نکته 2: کلمه ی but
نیز بیان کننده ی تضاد و تقابل است، با این تفاوت که کاملا در طرف مقابل although قرار می گیرد. این دو هیچ وقت با هم در یک
جمله استفاده نمی شوند.

Althoughhe was terribly sick, he went to school.

He was terribly sick, buthe went to
school.

نکته 3: از کلمه ی despite
و عبارت in spite of نیز
برای بیان تضاد و تقابل استفاده می شود. ولی توجه داشته باشید که اینها حرف اضافه
هستند و بعد از حروف اضافه اسم یا عبارت اسمی بکار می رود نه جمله.

1. In spite of / Despitethe
rain, they went on a picnic.

= (Although
it was raining, they went on a picnic.)

2. He got there on timein spite of / despite
the heavy traffic.

= (He got there on time, althoughthere
was heavy traffic.)

نکته 4: کلمات however
و nevertheless نیز برای بیان
تضاد و تقابل استفاده می شوند ( درست مثل but)
ولی با علائم نقطه گذاری مختلف در جمله.

1. جمله اول; however / nevertheless, جمله دوم

2. جمله
اول. However /
Nevertheless, جمله دوم

1. The weather was very cold; however, he
went swimming.

2. The weather
was very cold. However, he went swimming.

= (The weather was very cold, buthe went
swimming.)

نکته 5: در آخر جمله اگر بخواهیم از کلمات تضاد و تقابل استفاده کنیم،
فقط از کلمه ی though
استفاده می شود.

She is a very kind girl, and I really like her.
I don’t like her brotherthough.